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Kutatások gyûjteménye

ORME-JOHNSON,
D. W., and FARROW, J. T., eds. 1977. Scientific research on the Transcendental
Meditation program: Collected papers, vol. 1. Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU
Press.

PART
I: PHYSIOLOGY

The
Studies in the First Two Sections Document Changes during the Practice of the
Transcendental Meditation Technique Unless Otherwise Stated.

A:
Metabolic Changes

1.
WALLACE, R. K. Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation. Science
167: 1751-1754, 1970.

Indications
of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased
Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Unchanged Respiratory Quotient);
Decreased Minute Ventilation; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance;
Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity.

2.
WALLACE, R. K. The physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation: A proposed
fourth major state of consciousness. Doctoral thesis, Department of Physiology,
School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
U.S.A., 1970.

Indications
of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased
Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination);
Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures; Decreased Respiration
Rate; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity
and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal and Central Regions. Reduction
in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels. Self-Reported
Improvements in Physical and Mental Health, and Resistance to Disease.

3.
WALLACE, R. K., et al. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. American
Journal of Physiology 221: 795-799, 1971.

Indications
of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased
Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination);
Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures; Decreased Respiration
Rate; Decreased Minute Ventilation; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin
Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal
and Central Regions; Episodes of Rhythmical EEG Theta Activity in Frontal Region.
Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels.

4.
WALLACE, R. K., et al. The physiology of meditation. Scientific American
226: 84-90, 1972.

Indications
of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased
Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination);
Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures; Decreased Respiration
Rate; Decreased Minute Ventilation; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Skin Resistance;
Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal and Central
Regions. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate
Levels.

5.
ALLISON, J. Respiratory changes during Transcendental Meditation. Lancet
7651: 833, 1970.

Indication
of Deep Rest: Decreased Respiration Rate.

6.
COREY, P. W. Airway conductance and oxygen consumption changes associated with
practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. University of Colorado
Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 1973.

Increased
Ease of Breathing: Increased Airway Conductance. Indications of Deep Rest: Decreased
Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination);
Decreased Heart Rate. Maintenance of a Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning
Outside of Meditation: Lower Basal Metabolic Rate after Meditation.

7.
FARROW, J. T. Physiological changes associated with transcendental consciousness,
the state of least excitation of consciousness. Psychophysiology Laboratory,
Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research
University, Switzerland, 1975.

Experience
of Transcendental Consciousness Associated with: High EEG Coherence in the Theta,
Alpha, and Beta Bands; Episodes of Spontaneous Breath Suspension (Not Followed
by Hyperventilation); Marked Reductions in Respiration Rate, Minute Ventilation,
Metabolic Rate (Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination), and Heart
Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Cessation of Spontaneous Skin Resistance
Response.

8.
HEBERT, J. R. Periodic suspension of respiration during the Transcendental Meditation
technique. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States
of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1976.

Maximum
State of Deep Rest: Episodes of Spontaneous Breath Suspension (Not Followed
by Hyperventilation).

9.
DHANARAJ, V. H., and SINGH, M. Reduction in metabolic rate during the practice
of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Doctoral thesis of first author
(summary), Department of Physical Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada. Paper presented at the first Canadian Congress for Multidisciplinary
Study of Sport and Physical Activity, Quebec, Canada, October 1973.

Indications
of Deep Rest: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Unchanged
Respiratory Quotient); Decreased Tidal Volume; Decreased Respiration Rate.

10.
BAKKER, R. Decreased respiratory rate during the Transcendental Meditation technique:
A replication. Department of Biology, California State College at Sonoma, Sonoma,
California, U.S.A., 1974.

Indication
of Deep Rest: Decreased Respiration Rate.

11.
LEVANDER, V. L., et al. Increased forearm blood flow during a wakeful hypometabolic
state. Federation Proceedings 31: 405 (Abstract), 1972.

Small
Increase in Forearm Blood Flow.

12.
JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A.; VANDERLAAN, E.; and LEVINE, S. Plasma prolactin and
cortisol during Transcendental Meditation. Findings previously published in
The Endocrine Society Program 57th Annual Meeting, New York City, 18-20
June 1975, p. 257 (Abstract).

Reduction
in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels. Small Increase
in Plasma Prolactin Immediately following Transcendental Meditation.

13.
JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and SMITH, W. R. Plasma amino acids during the Transcendental
Meditation technique: Comparison to sleep. Findings previously published in
Sleep research, vol. 4, ed. M. H. Chase, W. C. Stern, and P. L. Walter,
pp. 79-80 (Abstract). Los Angeles: Brain Information Service, Brain Research
Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
U.S.A., 1975.

Increased
Plasma Phenylalanine Levels.

B:
Electrophysiological and Electroencephalographic Changes

14.
BANQUET, J. P. EEG and meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
33: 454 (Abstract), 1972.

EEG
Indications of Restful Alertness: Coexistence of Theta and Delta with Alpha
and Beta EEG Activity. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning:
Hypersynchrony and Rhythmicity; Synchronization of Anterior and Posterior Channels;
Periods of Uniformity of Frequency and Amplitude from All Leads.

15.
BANQUET, J. P. Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalography
and Clinical Neurophysiology 35: 143-151, 1973.

Increased
Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: High Amplitude EEG Alpha Activity
Extending to Anterior Channels; Bursts of High Amplitude Theta Activity in All
Channels; Rhythmic High Amplitude Beta Activity in All Channels; Synchronization
of Anterior and Posterior Channels. Electromyographic Evidence of Deep Muscular
Relaxation.

16.
WESTCOTT, M. Hemispheric symmetry of the EEG during the Transcendental Meditation
technique. Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, England,
1973.

Increased
Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: High Levels of Interhemispheric
EEG Alpha Correlation; Greater Power Balance between Right and Left Hemispheres.

17.
BANQUET, J. P., and SAILHAN, M. EEG analysis of spontaneous and induced states
of consciousness. Revue d’Electroencéphalographie et de Neurophysiologie
Clinique 4: 445-453, 1974.

EEG
Indications of Restful Alertness: Less Activation (Decreased Proportion of Beta
to Alpha); Greater Wakefulness (Increased Proportion of Alpha to Delta). Increased
Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Greater Interhemispheric and
Intrahemispheric EEG Synchrony.

18.
KRAS, D. J. The Transcendental Meditation technique and EEG alpha activity.
Department of Psychology, Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, 1974.

EEG
Indications of Restful Alertness: Increased Alpha Activity in All Areas of the
Brain. Maintenance of a More Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning Outside
of Meditation: Persistence of Greater Alpha Activity following Meditation.

19.
BANQUET, J. P., and SAILHAN, M. Quantified EEG spectral analysis of sleep and
Transcendental Meditation. Stanley Cobb Laboratories for Psychiatric Research,
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
U.S.A., and Institut La Rochefoucauld, Paris, France. Paper presented at the
Second European Congress on Sleep Research, Rome, Italy, 10 April 1974.

EEG
Indications of Inner Wakefulness during Sleep.

20.
LEVINE, P. H.; HEBERT, J. R.; HAYNES, C. T.; and STROBEL, U. EEG coherence during
the Transcendental Meditation technique. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre
for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research
University, Switzerland, 1976.

Increased
Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Increased EEG Coherence Especially
in Alpha and Theta Bands.

21.
HAYNES, C. T.; HEBERT, J. R.; REBER, W.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The psychophysiology
of advanced participants in the Transcendental Meditation program: Correlations
of EEG coherence, creativity, H-reflex recovery, and experience of transcendental
consciousness. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States
of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1976.

Correlations
between High EEG Coherence, High Levels of Creativity, Enhanced Neurological
Efficiency (Faster H-Reflex Recovery), and Clarity of Experiences of Transcendental
Consciousness.

22.
JANBY, J. Immediate effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique: Increased
skin resistance during first meditation after instruction. Institute of Psychology,
University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, 1973.

Indication
of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.

23.
LAURIE, G. An investigation into the changes in skin resistance during the Transcendental
Meditation technique. Department of Psychology, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth,
Hampshire, England, 1973.

Indication
of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.

24.
WEST, M. A. Changes in skin resistance in subjects resting, reading, listening
to music, or practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. University
College of Swansea, University of Wales, Swansea, Wales, 1973.

Indication
of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.

C:
Physiological Efficiency and Stability

25.
ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation. Psychosomatic
Medicine 35: 341-349, 1973.

Improved
Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of
Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer Multiple Responses; Fewer
Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses.

26.
WILCOX, G. G. Autonomic functioning in subjects practicing the Transcendental
Meditation technique. School of Applied Psychology, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 1973.

Improved
Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of
Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance
Responses.

27.
BERKER, E. Stability of skin resistance responses one week after instruction
in the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Biology, Rollins College,
Winter Park, Florida, U.S.A., 1974.

Improved
Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of
Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance
Responses.

28.
SMITH, T. R. The Transcendental Meditation technique and skin resistance response
to loud tones. Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti,
Michigan, U.S.A., 1974.

Improved
Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of
Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli.

29.
WILLIAMS, P., and WEST, M. EEG responses to photic stimulation in persons experienced
at meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 39:
519-522, 1975.

EEG
Indications of Greater Alertness (in Response to Photic Stimulation).

30.
ROUTT, T. J. Low normal heart and respiration rates in individuals practicing
the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Psychology, Huxley College
of Environmental Studies, Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington,
U.S.A., 1973.

Increased
Basal Skin Resistance during Transcendental Meditation. Maintenance of a Relaxed
Style of Physiological Functioning outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation:
Lower Heart Rate; Lower Respiration Rate.

31.
MCDONAGH, J. M., and EGENES, T. The Transcendental Meditation technique and
temperature homeostasis. Department of Psychology, St. Mary’s College, Notre
Dame, Indiana, U.S.A., 1973.

Enhanced
Temperature Homeostasis: Faster Recovery of Normal Skin Temperature following
Exertion.

D:
Health

32.
WALLACE, R. K., et al. Decreased blood pressure in hypertensive subjects who
practiced meditation. Supplement II to Circulation 45 and 46: 516 (Abstract),
1972.

Improvements
in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure.

33.
BLACKWELL, B.; HANENSON, I. B.; BLOOMFIELD, S. S.; MAGENHEIM, H. G.; NIDICH,
S. I.; and GARTSIDE, P. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on blood pressure:
A controlled pilot experiment. Psychosomatic Medicine 37(1): 86 (Abstract),
1976.

Improvements
in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure; Decreased Anxiety.

34.
SIMON, D. B.; OPARIL, S.; and KIMBALL, C. P. The Transcendental Meditation program
and essential hypertension. Hypertension Clinic and Department of Psychiatry,
Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.,
1974.

Improvements
in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure. Improvements in Patients
with Angina Pectoris: Improved Exercise Tolerance; Increased Maximum Workload;
Delayed Appearance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities during Exercise (Delayed
Onset of ST Segment Depression); Decreased Double Product; Clinical Observations
of Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Need for Tranquillizers and Anti-Anginal Drugs;
Improved Sleeping Patterns; Improved Personal Relationships.

35.
ZAMARRA, J. W. ; BESSEGHINI, I.: and WITTENBERG, S. The effects of the Transcendental
Meditation program on the exercise performance of patients with angina pectoris.
Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.,
and Buffalo Veterans Administration Hospital, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A., 1975.

Improvements
in Patients with Angina Pectoris; Improved Exercise Tolerance; Increased Maximum
Workload; Delayed Appearance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities during Exercise
(Delayed Onset of ST Segment Depression); Decreased Double Product; Clinical
Observations of Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Need for Tranquillizers and Anti-Anginal
Drugs; Improved Sleeping Patterns; Improved Personal Relationships.

36.
HONSBERGER, R. W., and WILSON, A. F. The effect of Transcendental Meditation
upon bronchial asthma. Clinical Research 21: 278 (Abstract), 1973.

Improvements
in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity of Symptoms Reported by
Patients and Physicians; Reduced Airway Resistance.

37.
HONSBERGER, R. W., and WILSON, A. F. Transcendental Meditation in treating asthma.
Respiratory Therapy: The Journal of Inhalation Technology 3: 79-80, 1973.

Improvements
in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity of Symptoms; Reduced Airway
Resistance.

38.
WILSON, A. F.; HONSBERGER, R. W.; CHIU, J. T.; and NOVEY, H. S. Transcendental
Meditation and asthma. Respiration 32: 74-80, 1975.

Improvements
in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity of Symptoms Reported by
Patients and Physicians; Reduced Airway Resistance.

39.
KLEMONS, I. M. Changes in inflammation in persons practicing the Transcendental
Meditation technique. Department of Health Education, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 1972.

Improved
Periodontal Health: Decreased Gingival Inflammation.

40.
MISKIMAN, D. E. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on compensatory
paradoxical sleep. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1972.

Faster
Recovery from Sleep Deprivation.

41.
MISKIMAN, D. E. The treatment of insomnia by the Transcendental Meditation program.
Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada, 1972.

Relief
from Insomnia: Decreased Time Taken to Fall Asleep.

42.
MISKIMAN, D. E. Long-term effects of the Transcendental Meditation program in
the treatment of insomnia. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1975.

Relief
from Insomnia: Decreased Time Taken to Fall Asleep (Benefits Sustained over
Time).

43.
MCINTYRE, M. E.; SILVERMAN, F. H.; and TROTTER, W. D. Transcendental Meditation
and stuttering: A preliminary report. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39:
294 (Abstract), 1974.

Decreased
Stuttering.

44.
WELDON, J. T., and ARON, A. The Transcendental Meditation program and normalization
of weight. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield,
Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.

Normalization
of Weight.

E:
Motor and Perceptual Ability, and Athletic Performance

45.
SHAW, R., and KOLB, D. Reaction time following the Transcendental Meditation
technique. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, Texas, U.S.A., 1971.

Improved
Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.

46.
APPELLE, S., and OSWALD, L. E. Simple reaction time as a function of alertness
and prior mental activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 38: 1263-1268,
1974.

Improved
Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.

47.
ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; KOLB, D.; and HEBERT, J. R. An experimental analysis of
the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on reaction time. International
Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi International University, Fairfield,
Iowa, U.S.A., 1973.

Improved
Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.

48.
BLASDELL, K. S. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique upon
a complex perceptual-motor task. Department of Kinesiology, University of California
at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1971.

Improved
Mind-Body Co-ordination: Superior Perceptual-Motor Performance.

49.
RIMOL, A. G. P. The Transcendental Meditation technique and its effects on sensory-motor
performance. Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey, U.S.A., 1974.

Improved
Mind-Body Co-ordination: Short- and Long-Term Improvements in Complex Sensory-Motor
Performance.

50.
PIROT, M. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique upon auditory
discrimination. Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada, 1973.

Increased
Perceptual Acuity: Improved Auditory Temporal Discrimination.

51.
PELLETIER, K. R. Influence of Transcendental Meditation upon autokinetic perception.
Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 1031-1034, 1974.

Increased
Field Independence (Growth of a Stable Internal Frame of Reference, Increased
Perceptual Acuity).

52.
PELLETIER, K. R. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on perceptual
style: Increased field independence. Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute,
University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San
Francisco, California, 25-28 April 1974.

Increased
Field Independence (Growth of a Stable Internal Frame of Reference, Increased
Perceptual Acuity).

53.
REDDY, M. K.; BAI, A. J. L.; and RAO, V. R. The effects of the Transcendental
Meditation program on athletic performance. A.P. Sports Council, Lal Bahadar
Stadium, and Nilouffer Hospital Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, 1974.

Benefits
for Athletes: Improved Physiological Functioning–Improved Cardiovascular Efficiency;
Improved Respiratory Efficiency (Increased Vital Capacity); Reduction of Blood
Pressure to More Ideal Levels; Increased Hemoglobin Concentration. Improved
Athletic Performance and Neuromuscular Integration: Increased Running Speed;
Improved Standing Broad Jump; Improved Agility; Faster Reactions and Improved
Co-ordination. Increased Intelligence.

PART
II: PSYCHOLOGY

A:
Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance

54.
TJOA, A. Some evidence that the Transcendental Meditation program increases
intelligence and reduces neuroticism as measured by psychological tests. G.I.T.P.,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1972.

Benefits
for High School Students: Decreased Neuroticism; Greater Intelligence Growth
Rate: Increased Fluid Intelligence.

55.
TJOA, A. Increased intelligence and reduced neuroticism through the Transcendental
Meditation program. Findings previously published as “Meditation, neuroticism
and intelligence: A follow-up” in Gedrag: Tijdschrift voor Psychologie (Behavior:
Journal of Psychology) 3: 167-182, 1975.

Increased
Fluid Intelligence; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Somatic Neurotic Instability.

56.
ABRAMS, A. I. Paired-associate learning and recall: A pilot study of the Transcendental
Meditation program. Graduate Department of Education, University of California
at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A., 1972.

Benefits
for University Students: Quicker Acquisition of Information (Better Learning
Ability); Superior Recall.

57.
MISKIMAN, D. E. Performance on a learning task by subjects who practice the
Transcendental Meditation technique. Graduate Department of Psychology, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1972.

Benefits
for University Students: Superior Learning Ability.

58.
MISKIMAN, D. E. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on the organization
of thinking and recall (secondary organization). Graduate Department of Psychology,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1973.

Benefits
for University Students: Improved Spontaneous Organization of Memory; Improved
Stabilization of Organized Memory; Improved Problem-Solving Ability.

59.
COLLIER, R. W. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program upon university
academic attainment. Department of English as a Second Language, College of
Arts and Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1973.

Benefits
for University Students: Improved Academic Performance.

60.
HEATON, D. P., and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The Transcendental Meditation program
and academic achievement. International Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi
International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.

Benefits
for University Students: Improved Academic Performance.

61.
CORY, R., and HUFNAGEL, P. The effect of the Science of Creative Intelligence
course on high school students: A preliminary report. American Foundation for
the Science of Creative Intelligence, Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A., 1974.

Benefits
for High School Students: Improved Academic Performance; Reduced State and Trait
Anxiety.

62.
SHECTER, H. The Transcendental Meditation program in the classroom: A psychological
evaluation. Doctoral thesis (summary), Graduate Department of Psychology, York
University, North York, Ontario, Canada, Dissertation Abstracts International
38 (07) (1977): 3372B.

Benefits
for High School Students: Improved Intellectual Performance (Increased Problem
Solving Ability); Increased Creativity; Increased Energy Level; Increased Innovation,
Autonomy, and Independence; Increased Self-Esteem; Increased Tolerance; Increased
Ability to Deal with Abstract and Complex Situations; Decreased Anxiety.

63.
MACCALLUM, M. J. The Transcendental Meditation program and creativity. Graduate
Department of Psychology, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach,
California, U.S.A., 1974.

Greater
Creativity: Greater Fluency, Flexibility, and Originality of Creative Thought.

B:
Development of Personality

64.
SEEMAN, W.; NIDICH, S.; and BANTA, T. Influence of Transcendental Meditation
on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology 19:
184-187, 1972.

(Increased
Self-Actualization: Increased Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness)1;
Increased Spontaneity; Enhanced Self-Regard.

65.
FEHR, T.; NERSTHEIMER, U.; and TORBER, S. Study of personality changes resulting
from the Transcendental Meditation program: Freiburger Personality Inventory.
Department of Social Affairs, MlU/Forschungsring Schopferische Intelligenz,
Dormagen, W. Germany, 1972.

Less
Nervousness (Less Psychosomatic Disturbance); Less Aggressiveness (Greater Self-Control,
Greater Emotional Maturity); Less Depression (Greater Contentment, Greater Self-Confidence);
Less Irritability (Greater Calm in Frustrating Situations, Greater Tolerance);
Greater Sociability (Greater Friendliness, Greater Liveliness); Greater Placidity
(Greater Self-Assuredness, More Good Humor, Less Tendency to Procrastinate);
Less Tendency to Dominate (Greater Respectfulness); Less Inhibition (Greater
Naturalness, Greater Spontaneity, Greater Self-Sufficiency); Less Neuroticism
(Greater Emotional Stability, Less Tension); Greater Self-Reliance (Greater
Effectiveness, More Balanced Mood, Greater Vigor).

66.
STEK, R. J., and BASS, B. A. Personal adjustment and perceived locus of control
among students interested in meditation. Psychological Reports 32: 1019-1022,
1973.

Interest
in Learning Transcendental Meditation Found to Be Uncorrelated with Personality
Factors.

67.
BERG, W. P. VAN DEN, and MULDER, B. Psychological research on the effects of
the Transcendental Meditation technique on a number of personality variables.
Findings previously published in Gedrag: Tijdschrift voor Psychologie (Behavior:
Journal of Psychology) 4: 206-218, 1976 . See also DIJK, H. VAN, and BERG,
W. P. VAN DEN. Begripsvaliditeit van de NPV-Zelfwaarde-Ringsschaal. Heymans
Bulletins, Psychologische lnstituten R.U., Groningen, the Netherlands, NR: HB-74-147
Ex.

Less
Neuroticism; Greater Self-Esteem; Better Self-Image; Greater Ego Strength; Greater
Trust; Greater Satisfaction; Greater Self-Actualization; Less Sensitivity to
Criticism; Less Depression; Decreased Sense of Physical Inadequacy.

68.
NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and SEIBERT, M. Influence of the Transcendental Meditation
program on state anxiety. Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1973.

Decreased
Anxiety.

69.
HJELLE, L. A. Transcendental Meditation and psychological health. Perceptual
and Motor Skills 39: 623-628, 1974.

Increased
Self-Actualization: Increases in–Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully
in the Present, Ability to Connect Past and Present Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness
(Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Self-Actualizing Value (Holding of Values
of Self-Actualizing People); Feeling Reactivity (Sensitivity to One’s Own Needs
and Feelings); Spontaneity; Self-Regard; Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity
for Warm Interpersonal Relationships). Greater Inner Locus of Control; Less
Anxiety.

70.
NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and DRESKIN, T. Influence of Transcendental Meditation
on Self-Actualization: A replication. Journal of Counseling Psychology 20:
565-566, 1973.

Increased
Self-Actualization: Increases in–Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully
in the Present, Ability to Connect Past, Present, and Future Meaningfully);
Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Self-Actualizing Value
(Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Feeling Reactivity (Sensitivity
to One’s Own Needs and Feelings); Spontaneity; Self-Acceptance; Capacity for
Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships).

71.
PENNER, W. J.; ZINGLE, H. W.; DYCK, R.; and TRUCH, S. Does an in-depth Transcendental
Meditation course effect change in the personalities of the participants? Western
Psychologist 4: 104-111, 1974.

Greater
Interest in Academic Activities; Greater Intellectual Orientation; Greater Aestheticism;
Greater Respect for Traditional Religious Values; Greater Adaptability of Mental
Orientation; Greater Autonomy; Greater Social Extroversion; Less Impulsiveness;
Greater Personal Integration (Decreased Social Alienation and Emotional Disturbance);
Lower Anxiety Level; Greater Altruism.

72.
DAVIES, J. The Transcendental Meditation program and progressive relaxation:
Comparative effects on trait anxiety and self-actualization. Department of Psychology,
University of New England at Armidale, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia,
1974.

Increased
Self-Actualization: Increased Inner-Directedness/Time Competence. Increased
Feeling Reactivity (Increased Sensitivity to One’s Own Needs and Feelings).
Reduced Trait Anxiety.

73.
SCHILLING, P. B. The effect of the regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation
technique on behavior and personality. Department of Clinical Psychology, Eastern
Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A., 1974.

Decreased
Aggression (Increases in: Tactfulness, Calmness, Easygoingness, Forgiveness,
and Consideration; Decreases in: Argumentativeness, Irritability, and Threatening
Behavior); Improved Leadership Ability; Growth of a More Brave, Adventurous,
Action-Oriented Nature; Increased Affiliation (Increases in: Enjoyment of Friends,
Maintenance of Associations with Others, Warmth, Neighborliness, and Co-operativeness);
Increased Nurturance (Increases in: Need to Give Sympathy and Assistance to
Others, Protectiveness, and Consideration for Others); Decreased Use of Drugs;
Decreased Use of Alcohol.

74.
SHAPIRO, J. The relationship of the Transcendental Meditation program to self-actualization
and negative personality characteristics. Doctoral thesis (summary), Department
of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.,
1974.

Increased
Self-Actualization; Decreased Depression; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Aggression;
Decreased Anxiety.

75.
STERN, M. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on trait anxiety.
Department of Education, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1974.

Decreased
General Anxiety.

76.
ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and DUCK, B. Psychological testing of MIU students: First
report. Department of Psychology, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland,
and International Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi International University,
Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.

Greater
Self-Actualization in Students at Maharishi International University than in
Other College Students: Greater–Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully
in the Present, Ability to Connect Past and Present Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness
(Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Self-Actualizing Value (Holding of Values
of Self-Actualizing People); Spontaneity; Self-Regard; Nature of Man is Constructive
(Ability to See Man as Essentially Good); Synergy (Ability to See Opposites
of Life as Meaningfully Related); Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity for
Warm Interpersonal Relationships).

77.
FEHR, T. A longitudinal study of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation
program on changes in personality. Department of Social Affairs, MlU/Forschungsring
Schöperische lntelligenz, Dormagen, W. Germany, 1974.

Decreased
Nervousness (Decreased Psychosomatic Disturbance); Decreased Aggressiveness
(Increased Self-Control, Increased Emotional Maturity); Decreased Depression
(Increased Contentment, Increased Self-Confidence); Decreased Irritability (Increased
Calm in Frustrating Situations, Increased Tolerance); Increased Sociability
(Increased Friendliness, Increased Liveliness); Increased Placidity (Increased
Self-Assuredness, Increased Good Humor, Decreased Tendency to Procrastinate);
Decreased Tendency to Dominate (Increased Flexibility, Respectfulness, and Tolerance);
Decreased Inhibition (Increases in: Naturalness, Spontaneity, Self-Sufficiency);
Increased Extroversion (Increased Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships);
Decreased Neuroticism (Increased Emotional Stability, Decreased Tension); Increased
Self-Reliance (Increased Effectiveness, More Balanced Mood, Increased Vigor).

78.
FERGUSON, P. C., and GOWAN, J. C. Psychological findings on Transcendental Meditation.
Also published as “TM–some preliminary psychological findings” in Journal
of Humanistic Psychology 16(3): 51-60, 1976.

Increased
Self-Actualization; Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Depression; Decreased Neuroticis